Meningitis factsheet
Introduction
Three layers of tissue protect the brain and spinal cord. These are called the meninges:
- pia mater – the layer closest to the brain
- arachnoid – the middle layer, filled with fluid that cushions the brain
- dura mater – the tough outer layer closest to the skull.
Meningitis happens when these layers become irritated or inflamed.
It can be caused by:
- a virus
- bacteria
- a fungus
- cancer
- a head injury.
Meningitis is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening. Call triple zero (000) or go to the nearest emergency department if you are concerned.
Signs and symptoms
Meningitis symptoms can look like other common illnesses.
They may include:
- high fever
- irritability
- drowsiness
- floppy body
- vomiting or poor appetite
- headache
- breathing changes
- seizures
- rash that looks like spots or bruises.
Babies and toddlers may also have:
- a bulging fontanelle – the soft spot on their head
- a cry that sounds different.
Older children may be able to tell you about symptoms that they can feel, like:
- a bad headache
- stiff neck
- confusion
- light hurting their eyes
- pain when walking.
Meningitis is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening. Call triple zero (000) or go to the nearest emergency department if you are concerned.
Diagnosis
A doctor will check your child’s symptoms and medical history.
If meningitis is suspected, your child will be sent to hospital for tests.
Meningitis is diagnosed a lumbar puncture. This is a test a that takes a small sample of fluid from around the spine.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause and how sick your child is.
Children with meningitis are usually treated in hospital.
- Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics given through an intravenous (IV) cannula in the arm.
- Viral meningitis is managed with rest, fluids, and pain relief.
Most children with viral meningitis will recover fully.
Management
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis happens when bacteria from the nose or throat get into the bloodstream and infect the meninges.
Two common types of bacteria are:
- Meningococcus - spreads easily to others. The risk is lower with the meningococcal vaccine.
- Pneumococcus – spreads less easily to others. The risk is lower with the pneumococcal vaccine.
Your child will need follow-up care with their doctor to check for any long-term effects, like hearing problems.
Viral meningitis
This happens when a virus infects the meninges. It is usually mild but can be more serious if the brain also becomes inflamed. Inflammation in the brain is called encephalitis.
Viruses that can cause this include:
Vaccination for measles, mumps, and polio is free through the National Immunisation Program in Australia.
Enteroviruses spread through body fluids, including:
- saliva
- mucus
- poo.
They can get into the mouth through contaminated food or drink and cause an infection.
To help stop the spread, make sure you and your child wash hands with soap and water before and after touching food, body fluids, or other people.
