Introduction

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that helps the body:

• balance fluid levels
• fight infections
• remove waste.

Lymphatic vessels are found all over the body, including in the:

• organs
• muscles
• fat
• skin.

These vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph, which contains:

• white blood cells that fight infection
• water
• protein
• other substances like bacteria.

Lymphoedema happens when the lymphatic vessels do not drain fluid from body tissues properly. This leads to fluid build-up and swelling.

Lymphoedema can cause:

• swelling in a body part, like the arms or legs
• a heavy feeling in the affected area
• aches and pains
• thickened skin
• skin infections.

If left untreated, it can also cause:

• tissue damage
• problems with delivering oxygen to cells
• a higher risk of infections
• fluid leaking through the skin
• wart-like lumps on the skin
• slow wound healing.

Long-term swelling can lead to scarring, making it harder to treat.

Doctors can usually diagnose lymphoedema in babies and children with a physical check. 

Sometimes, tests are needed, like:

• blood tests – to check for genetic or protein abnormalities
• MRI scans – to see how much fluid has built up and check for other issues with blood vessels
• lymphoscintigraphy – a scan to see how well the lymphatic system is working.

Your child’s doctor will explain if any tests are needed.

Lymphoedema treatment is the same no matter what causes it. The goal is to prevent infections and avoid long-term tissue damage.

The main treatment is called complex physical therapy. This is a non-surgical way to help move fluid out of tissues. 

It includes:

• manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) – a special massage done by a trained therapist and taught to families for home care
• compression therapy – starting with bandages and then using a custom-made compression garment to keep swelling down
• skin care – daily washing, moisturising, protecting the skin, keeping a healthy weight, and treating infections quickly
• exercise – a personalised program to keep muscles active and support circulation.